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Removal of iron and manganese consists of transforming the soluble form to insoluble that can be filtered out of the water; the ferrous iron is, therefore, easily oxidized by ozone according to the following reaction: (1) 2 F e 2 + + O 3 (aq) + 5 H 2 O → 2 F e (O H) 3 (s) + O 2 (aq) + 4 H +
Most iron and manganese removal treatment processes incorporate oxida-tion to convert the dissolved forms of the metals to a solid, followed by a filtration process. When concentrations in the source water are above 8 to 10 mg/L combined iron and manganese, a clarification step is typically required prior to filtration.
