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Pretreatments of starch using acid, alkaline, and microwave did not significantly affect the DS and RE. The resultant cationic starch flocculants and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), a commercial flocculant, were tested in harvesting experiments
(Lake 1989), which would require injection of low salinity water to keep the divalent cation concentration low (e.g., below 20 ppm). Other concepts that have been considered include (1) preconditioning the clays using a preflush and (2) polymer
