mining chemicals cationic pam flocculant – in belgium

mining chemicals cationic pam flocculant – in belgium
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  • Which cationic Pam is used for flocculation and sedimentation?
  • Cationic PAM with molecular weight of about 8 million and cationic degree of 25% was commonly selected for flocculation and sedimentation treatment in solid-liquid separation of copper leaching pulp from low-grade copper bearing waste residue.
  • How much PAM based flocculants are consumed in France?
  • In France, for instance, the consumption of PAM-based flocculants is about 15 kt year −1. In particular, the aggregate production uses about 900 t year −1 of PAM-based flocculants (i.e., 6 % of the total consumption) as clarification aid (UNPG 2013).
  • Which cationic polymer is used in direct flocculation?
  • In direct flocculation, medium charge density with high molecular weight cationic polymers is normally used. It has dual functions: (1) neutralise the negative charges of the colloidal particles and (2) bridge the aggregated destabilised particles together to form flocs ( Chong, 2012 ).
  • Are Pam flocculants toxic?
  • The potential environmental hazard does not concern the PAM itself, which is generally considered as not toxic (Andersen 2005), but the products of PAM degradation and the residual AMD contained in the flocculants due to incomplete polymerization process (Labahn et al. 2010; Young et al. 2007; Caulfield et al. 2002).