lowest cost of cationic polyacrylamide crosslinking of New Zealand

lowest cost of cationic polyacrylamide crosslinking of New Zealand
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  • Does cationic polyacrylamide reduce algal removal in a high rate algal pond?
  • This study investigated the effect of a continuous low dosing of cationic polyacrylamide (PAM) to achieve efficient algal removal from a 1-ha High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP) treating domestic wastewater in New Zealand. Firstly, standard jar tests were conducted in laboratory conditions.
  • How much cationic polyacrylamide should be used for sludge treatment?
  • For sludge treatments, consumption of a cationic polyacrylamide of 5.4 g·kg −1 of total solids is found to be the best economical solution . Several studies were made, following life cycle analyses, to evaluate energy consumption of wastewater treatment (e.g., Tillman et al. , Hospido et al. and Wenzel et al. ).
  • What is a cationic polymer?
  • Formulae display:?
  • Cationic polymers (e.g. polyacrylamide) having a high molecular weight require a much lower dose than inorganic metal salts (e.g. AlCl 3, FeCl 3, or Al 2 (SO 4) 3) to produce dense compact flocs with good settling characteristics.
  • Can cationic polymers be used to flocculate freshwater algae?
  • Bilanovic et al. ( 1988) reported that organic cationic polymers can be used to effectively flocculate freshwater algae at relatively low doses (1–10 mg/L). Cationic polyacrylamide (PAM) is commonly used, since PAM can produce dense, compact flocs with good settling characteristics and reduce sludge volume (Besra et al. 2003; Wong et al. 2006 ).