water treatment plant anionic/cationic/nonionic pam in britain

water treatment plant anionic/cationic/nonionic pam in britain
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  • What is Pam used for in water treatment?
  • PAM is also widely used as a flocculant in drinking water treatment (at concentrations <1 mg/L). 37 PAM can create bridges between destabilized particles, forming micron-size aggregates with good settling properties. 38 Cationic, nonionic, and anionic PAM have all been studied for flocculation.
  • Does high mw anionic Pam outperform cationic polymers?
  • The use of high MW anionic PAM in the flocculation of negatively charged particles outperforms cationic polymers by enhancing the settling rate and establishing a distinct sediment shape . Only minimal adsorption is possible due to electrostatic repulsion between kaolinite particles (which have a negative charge) and the polymer.
  • Can cationic Pam flocculate particles in oil sand tailings?
  • According to researchers, even with huge MWs, cationic PAM or non-ionic PAM were unable to flocculate particles in oil sand tailings. The solid in tailings, on the other hand, could only be flocculated with anionic PAM flocculants , .
  • Is cationic Pam effective in flocculation?
  • The success of anionic and cationic PAM in flocculation can be related to particle charges that allow for particle flocculation with polymers. Non-ionic PAM was shown to be ineffective at flocculating tailing particles. The ionicity of the polymer appears to be highly relevant here, based on the results.