costs of water treatment due to diminished water quality suppliers

costs of water treatment due to diminished water quality suppliers
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  • How can we compare costs between drinking water treatment and watershed management?
  • Critical to the framework we are following to be able to compare costs between drinking water treatment and watershed management is the water quality translation model (Figure 1 ). In this case study, we use total phosphorus load as our watershed variable.
  • Are water treatment technologies affordable?
  • Whether or not a technology is affordable is dependent both on its cost to the user and on the user’s ability to bear the cost. The global water sector literature often refers to drinking water treatment technologies designed for low-income households, such as chlorine tablets or ceramic filters, as ‘low cost’, a term that suggests affordability.
  • How do we understand drinking water treatment costs?
  • Part of our contribution to understanding drinking water treatment costs is examining both long-run and short-run relationships using error correction models (ECMs). Treatment costs per 1000 gallons (per 3.79 m 3) were based on chemical, pumping, and granular activated carbon costs.
  • What are the hidden costs of drinking water treatment technologies?
  • In this Perspective, we argue for the importance for engineering, public health and economics researchers to assess the ‘hidden’ costs of drinking water treatment technologies, including affordability, labour burden, user acceptance, and the (often) gendered nature of these.