Impact of Salts on Polyacrylamide Hydrolysis and Gelation
drilling, polymer flooding and other enhanced oil recovery meth-ods, such as alkaline and alkaline– surfactant–polymer (ASP) flood-ing. In improved oil recovery, PAM is used in water control, 1
During this process, water soluble polymers are added to flooding water and then injected into reservoirs. Polymer flooding increases water viscosity and oil/water mobility ratio, and thereby enhances oil recovery. Polymer flooding has been proven to be an effective means to enhance oil recovery for middle/high water-cut oilfields . In this respect, partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) has become the most widely used polymer for enhanced oil recovery because of its low-price, good
Polyacrylamide degradation and its implications
High MW anionic PAM is also the most commonly applied polymer in enhanced oil recovery applications; the use of surfactant-polymer flooding can increase oil recovery by 5–30% 14 and in some
The emulsification of amphiphilic polymer is inevitably affected by the salinity environment in the preparation and flooding process. The variation of emulsions in stability and rheology has a significant influence on the efficiency of polymer flooding. Thus, the effect of NaCl and CaCl2 on the emulsification behavior of hydrophobically modified polyacrylamide (HMPAM) was investigated.
Experimental investigation on effect of alkali, salts
Fig. 2(a) and (b) shows the effect of the addition of alkali on the rheological properties of polyacrylamide, PAM + CTAB, PAM + Gemini-5 and PAM + Gemini-6 mixed systems. On adding the NaOH to a mixed assembly of polymer-surfactant, the viscosity decreases up to 0.05 wt.% of alkali, further, increases with increasing the concentration of alkali.
The effect of salt solutions (NaCl, Na2SO4 and CaCl2) on the conformational properties of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) was investigated by using static laser light scattering (SLLS).
Development and Performance of Salt-Resistant Polymers
The development of salt tolerance polymer has been improved a lot in China recently, due to the need of reinjection of oilfield produced water in chemical flooding.
Polymer flooding processes use many molecules of a high molecular weight to alter the flow of water. Polymers often are used in drilling as either fracturing or completion fluids, and in injection well profiles as blocking agents (Chatterji & Borchardt, 1981; Taylor & Nasr-El-Din, 1995).
Assessment of Polyacrylamide Based Co-Polymers Enhanced
Polymers 2017, 9, 647 3 of 16 where m i; is the molar concentration of the ith ion and z i is its charge. The flexible polyelectrolytes expand in a solvent of low ionic strength (low salt concentrations) as a result of the mutual repulsion of the charges along the chain and contract in high salt concentrations.
Resol crosslinked polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel can be used as the chemical flooding agent in enhanced oil recovery because of its excellent temperature- and salt-resistant properties. It is known
Experimental investigation of the effect of different
Increasing the viscosity of injected water by the addition of polymer improves the displacement efficiency during the water flooding process. In this study, a sulfonated polyacrylamide copolymer has been added to salt water. Several parameters, such as polymer concentration, shear rate, NaCl concentration, molecular weight and sulfonation degree, have a significant effect on the polymer
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2014, 131 (12) , n/a-n/a. DOI: 10.1002/app.40390. Jin Ling Chai, Hao Sun, Xun Qiang Li, Lu Sheng Chen, Bao Yang, Yu Tong Wu. Effect of Inorganic Salts on the Phase Behavior of Microemulsion Systems Containing Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate.
