hospital wastewater treatment using an integrated at malaysia

hospital wastewater treatment using an integrated at malaysia
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  • How are hospital wastewater treated?
  • Hospital wastewaters are subjected to different treatment scenarios in the studied countries (specific treatment, co-treatment, and direct disposal into the environment).
  • Which countries have a poor wastewater treatment facility?
  • In Pakistan, proper wastewater treatment facility lacked in many of the hospitals . In Taiwan, few hospitals discharge their effluent in to the rivers with only scarce treatment . In Indonesia, many of the hospitals discharge their effluent using infiltration wells or in to receiving water bodies .
  • Does Pakistan have proper wastewater treatment facilities?
  • According to Ashfaq et al. [ 41 ], no hospital, irrespective of its size, has installed proper wastewater treatment facilities in Pakistan. In Taiwan, some hospitals discharge their wastewaters (legally or illegally) directly into nearby rivers with scarce treatment at all [ 44 ].
  • How do hospitals discharge effluent in Indonesia?
  • In Indonesia, many of the hospitals discharge their effluent using infiltration wells or in to receiving water bodies . The wastewater coming out of the hospitals without undergoing any specific or in-situ treatment comprises of PhACs and other recalcitrant components.