state of the art of produced water treatment – sciencedirect

state of the art of produced water treatment – sciencedirect
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  • What is the cost of water treatment?
  • The cost of produced water treatment varies from $0.04 to $0.07 for reuse in oil and gas operations. For converting produced water into an asset through treatment, the cost ranges from $0.25 to $2.00. Treating produced water is an investment in its beneficial use.
  • What is produced water?
  • Produced water is the aqueous effluent that is brought to the surface along with oil or gas in extraction operations. It includes formation water (trapped underground) and injection water that are extracted together with the fossil fuel during oil and gas production.
  • Who wrote a review of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatmen?
  • Reviews of technologies for oil and gas produced water treatment were written by A. Madaenic S. S and Abidina Z. Z (2009) in the Journal of Hazardous Materials. Another review was written by Doyle D and Brown A (2000) in the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, Texas.
  • What determines the treatment train of produced water (PW)?
  • Composition and final use of PW determines its treatment train. Combination of treatments are necessary when there is a wide variety of components. Minimization, disposal and reuse are options for PW. Produced water (PW) is the wastewater generated when water from underground reservoirs is brought to the surface during oil or gas extraction.